Conducting public health surveillance in areas of armed conflict and restricted population access: a qualitative case study of polio surveillance in conflict-affected areas of Borno State, Nigeria

Table 4 Triangulation of data from document reviews and interviews

Construct	Sub Construct	Documents	Interviews	Level of Agreement
Inhibitors	Inaccessibility	Discussed by most*	Discussed by most	High
	Communication	Discussed by one	Discussed by most	High
	Health Infrastructure	Discussed by some	Discussed by most	High
	Overall Infrastructure	Discussed by one	Discussed by most	High
	Population movement	Discussed by most	Discussed by most	High
	Traumatizing violence	Discussed by some	Discussed by most	High
	Malnutrition and disease outbreaks	Discussed by most	Discussed by most	High
	Rainy season	Not discussed	Discussed by most	NA*
	Nomadic population	Not discussed	Discussed by some	NA
Strategies	Community informants	Not discussed	Discussed by most	NA
	GIS technology	Discussed by some	Discussed by most	High**
	Collection and testing of specimens beyond AFP cases	Discussed by some	Discussed by most	High
	Collaboration with security forces	Discussed by some	Discussed by most	High
	Profiling of displaced people	Discussed by some	Discussed by some	High
	Evacuation	Not discussed	Discussed by most	NA
	Nomadic population	Not discussed	Discussed by some	NA
Monitoring systems	Tailored surveillance performance indicators for inaccessible areas	Not discussed	Discussed by most	NA
Monitoring systems	Tailored surveillance quality assessment tools	Not discussed	Discussed by some	NA
Collaboration and information sharing systems		Discussed by some	Discussed by most	High**

Note: “discussed by most” means that the majority of the documents or interviewers discussed the construct. “Discussed by some” means that at least two (but less than half) discussed it. High agreement means that the information was consistent with good agreement in the information provided. For example, for the inaccessibility construct, there was agreement across documents that there were many thousands of inaccessible people in many thousands of inaccessible settlements, and also that the size of the inaccessible population decreased considerably the over time from 2016–2018. While the exact numbers differ slightly, this aligns well with the information provided by the interview respondents
*Not applicable
**Interviewees provided additional information not found in the documents

ISSN: 1752-1505